The laser wavelength, pulse duration, and fluence (energy density) significantly influence the ablation process and the resulting plasma plume. Shorter wavelengths and higher fluences generally lead ...

In a few picoseconds (trillionths of a second), a small, thin piece of copper momentarily becomes dense plasma, specifically a state called warm dense matter, warm being a relative term – the metal is ...

If there’s one lesson to be learned from [Aled Cuda]’s pulsed laser driver, it’s that you can treat the current limits on electronic components as a suggestion if the current duration is measured in ...