Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has been a fundamental component in the evolution of mobile connectivity. As the demand for faster data speeds and more efficient network utilization continues to ...

Modern society is definitely more mobile than it was several decades ago. Accompanying the increased mobility is a corresponding craving for greater quantities of information. The increased demand has ...

Metamaterials and metasurfaces have attracted great interests in recent years for their versatile possibilities in manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves. Embedded tunable devices such as ...

New modulation schemes don’t come along very often. In fact, it has been years…decades really…. since any new modulation method has been invented. Remember there are only three basic ways a carrier ...

One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...