Atoms that occur in nature interact with the electromagnetic field at a single point, allowing scientists to make certain assumptions about energy levels with point-like references. However, ...

Atom optics is the study of the wave-like properties of beams of atoms. Wave–particle duality — a central principle of quantum mechanics — implies that effects traditionally associated with waves, ...

Atomic and molecular interactions with photons is the study of the way in which the basic elements of matter interact with packets of electromagnetic energy. This interaction is determined largely by ...

An interatomic potential is a set of mathematical rules that describes the complex dance of forces between atoms — how atomic ...