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Abstract: Incremental optical encoders are widely used as photoelectric sensing components in direct current motor servo systems, but their inherent susceptibility to optical interference ultimately ...

Abstract: This paper reports on a proof-of-concept SPAD-based (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) optical encoder. The work aims at demonstrating the advantages of SPADs over photodiodes, which are ...

Exploring whether Google's gemini-embedding-2-preview multimodal embedding API can serve as an encoder for a frozen LLM (Qwen3-4B). A small MLP adaptor (17M params) projects 3072-d embeddings into ...